When you combine both, the result is going to be remarkable. This is what origamic architecture is all about. It takes the simple yet so complex art of kirigami a combination of the craft of paper cutting and origami, the art of folding paper to create things and enables you to step into the world of architecture without having to actually build. In fact, with origami architecture, you will be able to create three dimensional buildings that will look so good and if you think you need a lot of art supplies to do this, you would be wrong.
The best part is that you will simply need some paper, a craft knife and some scissors, which is something that you will find everywhere. You will feel accomplished and happy when you manage to gain mastery over this art that involves cuts and folds of a piece of paper to create buildings that look really awesome. The point we are making here is not about making the science and art of architecture seem simple and easy. However, if you always had a leaning towards this, and could not spend the time and resources to master it, then this is the next best thing.
Horsey Around the World - A pop-up tea set, Christmas tree, heart with arrow, chess knight, crane, gift box, F eagle cards, classic car and others. Jagoda's Origamic Architecture - Free pattern of a Monastery. Pop-Up Books - Go to "Surprise" little yellow box for how to make pop-up movies and free pop-up dies patterns.
Robert Sabuda - I love his pop up cards! This Graphic Design site is a great teachers resource. This section is all about Pop-Up card mechanics and how to design your own cards and more. Be sure to check out the Index page for more mind expanding ideas. Virtual Gallery of Origamic Architecture - Do a search for "free pattern". Gentry, et al. The main issues that come with gravity are tackled with in more detail below.
The issue of thickness of structural elements becomes very relevant in the context of practical foldable plate structures. One of the main reasons why these structures are so attractive in an architectural and engineering scenario is because they have the ability to transform from a large volume to one which is drastically smaller.
The thickness of the plates will affect how compact the structure can become when it needs to be packed, and if this is unsatisfactory it becomes relevant to question the logic of using these structures in the first place.
The thickness of the plate section is largely influenced by the material. As will be seen in the following paragraphs, although the position of the hinge affects the problem of thickness, it may not always be ideal to alter it as a solution.
In fact, in most models shifting the hinge position still causes global thickness problems. The thickness problem has been studied in some detail over the last two decades.
One proposal patented by Charles Hoberman addresses symmetric degree 4 vertex model using a variation of the Miura-ori fold to create a number of linearly deployable structures. The structure proposed by Hoberman is composed of a series of adjacent components with degree 4 vertices at the most.
Hoberman, A void is In this way any collision is prevented and the structure can function using hinges connected on the exterior or interior face of the panel, depending on the fold. The structure is flat foldable and constitutes the sum of thicknesses of the panels when in the fully folded state. This is done by allowing the panels to slide along their rotational axes i.
The amount that the structure can fold is related to, and often limited by the amount that the hinges slide. The motion contributes to the increased complexity of the model and compaction is ultimately constrained by neighbouring plates.
Generalised origami tessellations may also be built with a thickness following the Tapered Hinges Model. This option applies the motion of thin, ideal origami to a thickness model by avoiding the use of axis-shift system see FIG a and FIG b of Figure Axis shift can be exemplified through a door hinge which in normal circumstances is fixed on one side of two plates.
When applied to origami,. A problem arises because the kinetic motion of origami is influenced by the position of the interior vertices. Thus, Tachi proposes that the rotational axes lie exactly on the edges of typical paper origami by bisecting planes of dihedral angles between adjacent facets, in process tapering the panels as shown in Figure Flat foldability cannot be.
Figure Top Two approaches for enabling thick panel origami. Red path represents the ideal origami without thickness. Bottom Freeform origami with modified panels using the Tapered Hinges Model. The tapered panel model is not infallible as globally, it is not guaranteed that the structure will not collide although it is possible to prevent this by predicting the location of collision and tapering even further.
Another proposal, also suggested in Tachi, , is to have constant thickness panels that are offset away from each other by a certain distance see Figure This model is proposed for situations where the thickness to panel length ratio is not too high when compared to the dihedral angles used in the tapered.
The space created between the panels could be a customised hinge or a flexible material such as fabric. Due to the nature of the fabric there may be too much flexibility at the interface between the panels which may be disadvantageous for a large scale system.
This may be a point, i. In a paper model, the edges are allowed to rotate fully if the model is flat foldable which means that a simple hinge having 1DOF can be used to achieve this in real life. The vertex connection is far more complex: with 9DOF, it connects a number of facets which are respectively moving in different directions.
The edge connection is more relevant because it has more control over the plate since it is connected a larger section of it. While the edge joint may exist without the vertex joint it is usually difficult to have the vertex connection without the edge connection.
More often, the vertex joint is ignored and a simple hinge is used between each facet edge. The primary function of the connection is to facilitate movement. It is also envisaged that a degree of rigidity is offered by the connection at instances when the structure is in a static state, between deployment and contraction stages so as to contribute to the overall stability of the structure. This means. Figure Doubly expandable shell with reinforcement. The need for this was demonstrated by Resch and Christiansen who built a doubly expandable shell which proved to be flexible under self weight and imposed loads, requiring reinforcement bars in order to achieve full stability.
See Figure In the process however, the structure became non-transformable. Thus, what is required is a temporary stiffening solution when static, but one which does not interfere with the movement when required. It is composed of fluid controlled joints that use a pressure system Figure A system using vacuumatics was proposed in Tachi, et al. The stiffness, movement and structural behaviour of.
In general, it is difficult to control a vacuumatics system globally, so pressure control was only used for the jointing areas. Also, a system with equal mountain and valley fold vertices was chosen to equalise the deformation that it would undergo when pressurised both positive and negative curvatures are present in this way.
The connections are flexible during deployment and regain stiffness through added pressure when the desired configuration is reached. The overall automated nature is seemingly convenient.
In another case study PETG sheets with living hinge connections embedded within the material sheet were used for a roof study. When thermoformed, the. Under gravity, the 92m spanning structure was initially stiff until a major deflection occurred due to weakness in the configuration and the jointing.
Subsequently a strategy comprising of an internal and external origami truss was developed so as to reinforce the failure zones. When modelled, this system yielded a stable and elastic structure. More information about this can be seen in Gentry, et al. Having a joint at the vertex complicates the connection issue drastically as it needs to cater for four plates that are moving in different directions in all of the x, y and z directions.
Further to this, dealing with thickness at the vertex becomes another issue. Most likely, the vertex joint alone is not enough to secure the panels to each other, especially if large spans are used so in addition, the hinge joint would still need to be used.
The drawback that connectionless joints bring with them is lack of water tightness, although there may be ways of dealing with this It also deals with systems of actuation. So far, poor mechanical performance has been consistently observed upon the deployment of large scale foldable plate structures. For example a Miura-ori model has the ability to move freely as long as the boundaries are not restrained.
According to Gentry, et al. Since the properties of paper cannot be so easily assimilated in large scale it is not easy to predict how the origami structure would behave based on what we know about how paper behaves Gentry, et al. A number of ways to facilitate deployment have been proposed. The most intuitive solution would be to use a looped cable system powered by a motor at the boundary.
A cable system will become more complex if the structure deploys in more than one direction at once. A fluid pressure system such as the vacuumatics example proposed by Tachi, et al.
Whatever the mode of actuation, it is important to facilitate movement in a uniform and controlled manner because otherwise the structure will be unstable. In the vacuumatics proposal it becomes apparent that at any point in time, the state and strength of every connection may influence the overall form and stability of the structure.
The shape of the proposed shelter is induced by the amount of negative pressure provided, which is increased for the purpose of strengthening the structure when the desired shape has been configured. The negative pressure also induces a small moment. Figure Diagram showing the construction process of a deployable structure powered by vacuumatics.
Tachi, et al. Another approach stems from the fact that these structures have so far always been composed of single layer sheets which are unable to take much load and exhibit extreme stress concentration at sharp joints and free edges Gattas, The idea is to provide a kinematic second layer, hence deepening the section when static and facilitating movement when transforming. This study proposes to add a collapsible sheet atop a semi-deployed Miura-ori structure so as to reinforce it.
The added patterned sheet is compatible with the movement of the structure and in its fully deployed state is serves as a. Figure Morphing panels using the Foldcore concept described in Section 2. Images by Gattas, It is then able to contract when necessary by displacing itself upwards. In this manner, the assembly becomes like a collapsible space frame system made from panels, although issues of how to achieve this in practise still exist.
This system could be very effective because the added panels provide increased rigidity against bending and when static, the Using selflocking hinges could solve this problem and make the panels useful for any building.
The hinges or any other devices must be capable of controlling the movement during. The Foldcore system is also easy to manufacture as it only requires 2D panels. These members would be attached to the vertex location as can be seen in Figure and would run in the x and y direction due to the nature of the deployment path of the Miura Ori pattern. They are proposed to be extensible and act as actuators to deploy the system.
The boundary conditions are greatly influenced by the kind of In theoretical studies relating to geometry and kinematics the issue is often not considered because the research remains on a conceptual level. In most case studies relating to real life design projects, support is always present at every position that the structure assumes or is usually provided with a flat plane such as the floor.
However, it is better to provide a solution that can move along with the structure otherwise there is almost no point of having a deployable structure in the first place.
Constructing a moving support is not an ideal solution due to the complexity that it creates spatially, and mechanically. A tension system with tightening and release. This could be an external wall, a floor, roof, canopy, an internal partition or combinations. It is difficult to pinpoint the most. While the thickness model proposed by Hoberman is both tangible and realistic, the solution is very particular to the fold and although it is possible to extend this proposal to other linearly deploying structures this model is unsuitable for bidirectionally.
Certainly, bi-directional folding is possible using the Tapered Hinges Model which was ultimately designed to enable generalised rigid origami structures to have a thickness. Because it follows the ideal path of a thin origami structure, this model can allow almost anything to fold.
However, although at first glance it may seem to be an optimal and flexible approach one must recall that the system is not infallible and that there is certainly a limit to the amount of volume that can be tapered. For simpler and more realistic models this approach seems to. Regarding 1DOF connections, the first logical step would be to use those that already exist and are used.
One such connection is a typical door hinge. It has also. A mechanical connection could potentially be more durable because movement is facilitated by way of its geometric nature and is not so much dependant on material performance.
This may be an advantage in some cases as wear and tear can undermine the system, unless of course the material is good enough. A fabric joint would need to be stiffened in some way, if not at the vertex then as close to the vertex as possible.
With certain active tessellations it is very easy to produce relevant structures based on a generalisation of the original, and their corresponding pathways may range from an arch, circular, curved, linear and others. Perhaps with cables it is easiest to assimilate any of these paths due to the flexibility offered. However one must keep in mind that cables alone are not enough, and an additional anchor component is required with any cable system.
Although it is very probable that solutions to both aforementioned problems may be found, it is easy to end up with a mix of systems that may not work together properly, which makes one question whether a more integral approach would be preferable. The vacuumatics proposal seems to offer just this, although in practice one would need to have a mechanical system or a motor in order to actuate and control.
In such a system it is paramount that the air from each panel is removed simultaneously otherwise the structure may become unstable. It may be said that every system described in this chapter seems to have its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and thus finding a single solution may be tricky.
Ultimately it is more important to remain true to the principles of rigid origami. Producing a well-functional, organised end result will undoubtedly affect whether origami will be used as a building typology or not. Without a doubt the deployment stage is one of the most important stages in the life of an origami structure and dealing with it using a practical system is necessary. Probably, such structures would be made from a material. It is important that the structure remains easily deployed by a cohesive method which is not so difficult to control.
The state of the connections should be allowed to control this. Conceptually we may imagine boundary support points to be located at every free edge vertex. Is this necessary? How can we further prevent this? The answer is not to keep reacting to all the issues that crop up, but rather to deal with the problem from an initial standpoint, choosing the right materials and conditions from the outset.
In addition we have also highlighted the more relevant ideas and discussed how they can be integrated. However, without applying these proposals to a case study and testing them out through prototypes and models it is difficult to say what will actually work or not. While some solutions can be used to realise particular structures they may not be suitable for a different tessellation. Invented by Koryo Miura, the pattern has been successfully implemented in solar panels in space because of its simple form, efficiency and rigid folding properties.
A single module is composed of four identical parallelograms mirrored in the X and. As described by Gentry, et al. The material is unspecified, although a working thickness of 0. More information about the geometric structure of the Miura-ori fold may be found in Stachel, Furthermore, the Miura-ori crease pattern may be found in Appendix II. As mentioned, the structure can travel from one flat state to another flat-foldable state.
However, Previous studies as discussed in Section 3. Beyond this range the structure is not likely to behave as a rigid structure. This condition is also related to the fact that the Miura-ori pattern is a developable surface and thus possesses no out of plane stiffness when deployed. Therefore in order to effectively satisfy both conditions the structure should ideally be modelled with a customized geometry that prevents its developability whilst keeping its kinematic efficiency and therefore obtain a non-developable and flat foldable structure as proposed in Gioia, et al.
In order to realise this structure, thickness must be accounted for and the connections must be able to work with the structure. The possibility of having a watertight roof is also considered to be the preferable option. The assumed uniform thickness of each panel prior to tapering was 0. A single Miura-ori module was modelled in isolation, producing two unique panels see Figure At certain corners the panel tapered to a point, hence undergoing.
At most instances the overall thickness of the panel was reduced to half the original size, meaning that if this were a real life model, one would have to start with double the original thickness in order to be end up with the desired structural strength.
However, when the panels are thickened, more collision is induced and hence more taper would be required, ultimately leading to a weakened panel nonetheless. Figure Model of a single Miura-ori module modelled with thickness top left and with tapered panels top right.
The red zones highlighted in Figure show the places where a hinge could potentially be. Figure Plan view and detail of a Miura-ori module modelled using the tapered hinges model showing the zones where hinging can occur. As can be seen, these zones have been reduced quite significantly even at such a small thickness-width ratio which in this case amounts to 0. Furthermore, confining the hinges to the central parts of an edge may weaken Following this exercise the Constant Thickness panel method was investigated.
Using two uniform thickness elements for each panel which are identical to the original panel in form but slightly smaller in size are offset a certain distance. Figure Figures showing a series of Miura-ori modules as modelled using the constant thickness panel method.
Thus, a number of limitations may also be pointed out with this model. In an ideal world, the connection system of choice would ensure single DOF movement but also have a considerable amount of tensile strength, folding endurance and stiffness. For a real scale build, fabrics or plastics may be the closest options although usually in the case of fabric, not enough stiffness is present.
Of course this is easier said than done, and it is also difficult to do without aides, actuators or additional support systems. There is a certain sense of stability and integrity that a paper model provides which all these connections being discussed are not able to provide. A possibility for the connection could be to use a system that is conceptually similar to rods in a fabric pocket Figure The difference would be that the internal rods or cables would be rigid panels, with fabric encasing them all.
Figure Physical model using fabric sticks and thread to assimilate and test out the concept of a fabric pocket. The panels could also be external, with fabric sandwiched in between. This setup could be used with the Constant Thickness Panel method whereby the connection system will provide a solution to waterproofing, which is difficult to solve in any other way due to the little room available between the folding panels.
A series of fabric patches at the vertices is probably the only way to seal the vertex connections that are generally left open. It must be mentioned that this need not always be the case and that with some small variations of the Miura-ori pattern we can achieve a curved deployment path to create an arched structure. This system was employed in Gioia, et al. Due to its strength in compression, an arched system may be more stable at instances when structure is in a static state.
Figure shows our linearly deployable roof structure at different stages of deployment. In this approach deployment is made possible by fixing two out of four edges so as to provide some anchorage and having two free edges that regulate the movement. Another option as shown in Figure is to deploy the structure symmetrically from all four sides such that the structure offsets within the rectangular space.
In this scenario the aides possibly cables would be acting on all four edges. Figure All deployment stages of the Miura-ori roof showing the position of the fixed perimeter edges. It is envisaged that in both cases, keeping the support system taut is necessary to prevent overall sagging of the structure. If the deployment aides are cables, this may be possible, although a degree of deflection will always be present.
At this stage it becomes increasingly evident that trying to make a structure of this sort behave like a rigid origami paper model is going to be very difficult with a combination of structure. The approach of having a single material within which the connections are embedded whereby the deployment system simply aids movement rather than provides too much support is more true to what an origami model is.
This was proposed. Part of this reason was due to the inferiority of the material and jointing system and to the 92m span that was chosen as a design constraint.
In any case apart from a guiding rail system, a deployable folded plate structure of this sort also requires support points along all its edges so as to transfer loads to the supports. Providing these moving support points at all edges is complex because they would have to move in two directions at the same time in order to follow the structure. The main criteria of selection were rigid foldability, ease of deployment and practicality of volume enclosure.
The most conventional examples such as the helically triangulated cylinder,. Figure A series of non-rigid foldable cylinders and their different deployment states. From Left Cylindrical bellows cylinder, classic bellows cylinder and deployable cylinder based on the Yoshimura pattern. Thus they do not make an ideal practical solution. Another issue that played a part in pattern selection was to utilise a tessellation that could deploy in either a linear, uni-directional fashion, or at most, in a bidirectional fashion.
In practise, having a structure that requires a number of random transformations is not only impractical but it increases the time needed for assembly. Lastly, the pattern must be able to produce a volume that can serve as an. Thus, the internal space created within the cylinder is nonusable since the walls are too heavily inclined. The Tachi-Miura polyhedron TMP may be used to make the most practical rigid foldable cylinder in terms of the aforementioned criteria.
During use, this structure would expand primarily in one main direction although until it eventually reaches a flat foldable state. Until a particular angle the model appears to be expanding linearly before it starts to drastically decrease in height and flatten as shown in Figure Figure Top Images showing the TMP rigid foldable cylinder crease pattern and deployment stages as proposed in Tachi, The TMP cylinder geometry is derived from a Miura-ori module as can be seen in Figure , so typically it transforms in a similar way.
The crease patterns for this cylinder are attached in Appendix II. Figure shows how the width dimension can be adjusted to accommodate different functions. The height may also be controlled in a similar way and increased if the design requirements call for it or if there is the intention to add more floors within.
Figure Varying widths are possible by simply modifying the crease pattern dimensions. Thus, as can be deduced, the interior of this cylinder is flexible because the dimensions can be changed easily without compromising usability. In a static state, the roof of the cylinder is essentially a corrugation which means that it behaves in the same way as a folded plate structure. Thus if the wall-ceiling connection is properly fixed the cylinder will remain stable in spite of potentially large internal spans.
This may be done easily by replacing a number of panels with glass or openings lie within a typical panel dimension.
Typically the floor will act as a diaphragm, bracing the structure in the lateral direction. It would make sense to design this floor such that it unfolds from It is possible to create this cylinder using the constant thickness panel model and a series of waterproof hinges.
Similar to the canopy, these hinges would either be mechanical or a high strength fabric sandwiched in between panels. In any case the structure must remain watertight in order to ensure that it is fit for habitation. Such a structure possesses some inherent stiffness due to its closed cylindrical form which means that it may require less flexible connections than the canopy.
This connection must be able to lock itself when the cylinder is in a static state. This is completely essential due to lateral loading on the structure, which could cause it to sway and ultimately undermine the system.
Continuous moving supports at the base would need to be The structure possesses some inherent stiffness and strength in compression due to its form but similarly to the canopy it would be deployed using guide rails or cables. The amount that the structure will be allowed to compact will however be reduced slightly when compared to the tapered hinges model. Depending on the use, this limitation might not be so relevant.
The ability of the connection to become stiff when necessary has also been repeatedly highlighted. Possibly one of the main reasons why difficulty at the deployment stage is so significant is because the structure we are trying to build is composed of a number of separate panels and a number of separate connections. The model we produce at an abstract stage is a single piece of paper which adapts itself according.
When human civilisation started, temporary shelters were used. This function of temporality fit the need that man had as a hunter gatherer: an entity that was always alert and on the go, following his source of life. With changing trends and the exploitation of land through agriculture, the nature of shelter began to become.
Concrete is one of the most permanent building materials in the industry to date. Anything that is module or component based can, in some way or another, and for the general case, be dismantled or deconstructed in a relatively straightforward way. When concrete is cast-in-situ however, this degree of flexibility is eliminated. The idea of permanence and impermanence in the building industry is therefore very much tied with the use of material.
The provision of certain properties through engineered materials can provide the functions required by a building typology. Thus, the. However in truth is there a need to have temporary buildings? Certainly, there is a need to provide shelter which incorporates agility, flexibility and adaptability as can be proven by global issues such as constantly changing climate conditions, mass displacements and rising emigration, war or natural disasters.
Being able to. However we are also implying that our structures of choice for these temporary buildings should be derived from geometries that are inspired from origami.
Why should this be the case? Temporary structures do in fact exist as functional, highly rationalised systems which most often incorporate linkages and fabric skins. Why should we make them any different? Perhaps the strongest reaction to these questions comes from the fact that origami structures- if successfully implemented- would provide an all inclusive solution to the number of design constraints that exist within the environment they are suited for.
By this we mean that in theory they would be able to address issues. The set geometries and relationships that exist within a piece of origami condition many of its behavioural properties, and in certain case — i. As Theo Jansen rightly said that the. There should be no reason why temporary structures cannot be based on intricate origami tessellations. The eventual comparisons against current temporary shelter solutions may be drawn.
Perhaps these structures may also become useful within a more permanent building fabric, where a degree of flexibility may be desired on a smaller scale: for example the need to provide a changing interior structure on a common basis to accommodate multiple functions throughout the day and night, or the need. The concept. On a more social level, different activities within a building often do not happen at the same time and providing the option to transform the interior could be an economical prospect if the adjustment is well thought out.
How much the exterior fabric and hence interior volume is likely to transform in a Apart from continuous structural stability, which is virtually still an unresolved area, a number of other issues would arise, for example the question of territory ownership would no longer be defined in the traditional sense. In the civilised A life of settlement offers concrete jobs, income and family growth, perhaps only prone to occasional political instabilities.
However, in post war and disaster zones or in developing countries the situation may be quite different. The building industry is generally a source of economic growth as it. This dynamic has created cities, metropolises, villages and other settlements: systems of consistency, growth, trade and routine.
This is the way man has lived for centuries, and perhaps it is too ambitious to want to change this simply because we have discovered a way of building attractive temporary shelters. These structures do however have the potential to exist within this fabric — as extensions, modifications, interior dividers, skins or installations.
Whether their existence in this form is significant and successful is for society to decide. Transformability concepts have had a colourful history and are continually being redefined through various forms and scales: modular housing, cities on wheels, kinetic facades, adaptable interiors, urban interventions, sculpture and much more.
The implementation of parametric. This approach towards design is also an instigator to change the way we perceive components and the spaces within which they exist. In terms of. More often than not, clients want buildings to last forever but then they want them to be flexible enough to meet their changing needs. Yet to what extent does one make a building flexible? Although a number of technicalities still persist in terms of buildability, once achieved these structures may become pleasant solution to temporality in architecture.
It is highly probable that origami structures will be applied as extensions or flexible bridges between existing buildings in which case an appropriate watertight detail will need to be provided at the interface. Their use in disaster and hostile territories is also very plausible as they incorporate solid panels, which is a more durable and less susceptible to damage than fabrics which is a common current option. Further to this some insulation.
Deployment may occur in a linear, circular or curved manner. Designing these origami mechanisms is essentially based around the study and design of their relationships in time and space. There are two aspects - when static, the main aim of the structure is to transmit forces to the supports while when mechanical, these forces are converted into motion.
0コメント